Back pain is a common musculoskeletal condition that affects people of all ages and can range from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain. It often involves the muscles, ligaments, nerves, or bones of the back, particularly the lower back, which bears most of the body’s weight. Back pain can be acute, lasting a few days to weeks, or chronic, persisting for three months or longer.

There are many causes of back pain. Poor posture, sedentary lifestyle, heavy lifting, or sudden movements can strain muscles and ligaments. Degenerative conditions such as herniated discs, spinal arthritis, or osteoporosis may also contribute. Other factors include obesity, stress, improper ergonomics, and injuries from accidents or falls. In rare cases, back pain may indicate infections, tumors, or other underlying medical conditions.

Common symptoms include localized pain, stiffness, muscle spasms, limited mobility, and, in some cases, pain radiating down the legs (sciatica). Chronic back pain can significantly affect daily activities, work, and quality of life, and may lead to fatigue, sleep disturbances, or emotional stress.

Diagnosis usually involves a medical history review, physical examination, and, if needed, imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to identify structural problems. Treatment depends on the cause and severity and may include physical therapy, pain-relieving medications, exercises to strengthen the back and core, lifestyle modifications, and ergonomic adjustments. In severe cases, surgical interventions may be necessary.

With proper care, regular exercise, good posture, and early intervention, most cases of back pain can be managed effectively, reducing discomfort and improving mobility and overall quality of life.